Scientists have discovered the first evidence of a biological link between the mosquito-borne Zika virus and the neurological birth defect, microcephaly.
A doctor first suggested the possible link after noticing an increased number of babies had been born with the severe brain deformation in Zika-affected areas of Latin America.
Laboratory tests have found that the virus targeted key cells involved in brain development and then destroyed or disabled them, scientists said on Friday.
The findings are the first concrete evidence of a link between Zika and microcephaly, which until now had been circumstantial, said Guo-li Ming, a co-researcher and professor of neurology at The Johns Hopkins Institute for Cell Engineering
“Studies of foetuses and babies with the telltale small brains and heads of microcephaly in Zika-affected areas have found abnormalities in the cortex, and Zika virus has been found in the foetal tissue,” he said in a statement.
The researchers exposed three types of human cells in a lab dish to the Zika virus, a method called in-vitro experiment.
The first set of cells, known as human neural progenitor cells, are crucial for the development of the cortex, or outer layer, of foetal brains.
Damage to these cells, which eventually differentiate into mature neurons, would be consistent with the brain defects caused by microcephaly.
The two other types of cells were stem cells and neurons.
As predicted, Zika virus attacked the human neural progenitor cells. Within three days of exposure, 90 percent were infected, and nearly a third had died.
Infected cells, meanwhile, had been hijacked to turn out new copies of the virus.
Furthermore, the genes needed to fight the viruses had failed to activate, which was a highly unusual outcome.
By comparison, the other two types of human cells were relatively unharmed.
“Our results clearly demonstrate that Zika can directly infect hNPCs [human neural progenitor cells] in vitro with high efficiency,” the study concluded.
“It is very telling that the cells that form the cortex are potentially susceptible to the virus,” Prof. Ming added.
The findings, published in the journal Cell Stem Cell, may help to identify drugs that could protect these vulnerable cells or reduce infections after they occur.
“Now that we know cortical neural progenitor cells are the vulnerable cells, they can likely also be used to quickly screen potential new therapies,” said co-author Hongjun Song.
By itself, Zika is typically no more threatening than a bad cold or a mild case of the flu. Sometimes there are no symptoms at all.
But the rapidly expanding virus, which is present in nearly four dozen countries, according to the World Health Organization (WHO), was suspected of causing microcephaly and other severe conditions.
Last month, Brazil – the country hardest hit by the Zika epidemic – reported 583 confirmed cases of babies with the irreversible birth defect since October 2015, four times the previous annual average.
The spike in cases has led to concerns about the Olympic Games to be held in Rio de Janeiro this summer, and the American Olympic Committee yesterday announced the creation of an advisory group on infectious diseases for the national team.
Yesterday, Colombian researchers also reported the country’s first cases of Zika-linked birth defects, according to the Nature science group’s news service.
Scientists not involved in the research welcomed the findings.
“This is exactly the kind of research that we need to demonstrate a causative link and mechanism between the Zika virus and microcephaly,” said Alyssa Stephenson-Famy, an assistant professor of obstetrics and gynaecology at the University of Washington in Seattle.
Mark Schleiss, director of the division of infectious disease and immunology at the University of Minnesota, described the research as a “big step in the right direction.”
“Most scientists have not had any doubt that the Zika virus is responsible for the brain injury,” he said.
But he and other experts said many questions remain.
Results from cells in a lab dish may not applicable to patients, “in vivo” in scientific terms.
“This study is just the beginning, and many more studies are needed to understand the relationship between Zika and microcephaly,” said Amelia Pinto, a professor of molecular microbiology and immunology at Saint Louis University.
A study published earlier this week provided similarly solid evidence that Zika can also cause a rare syndrome, called Guillain-Barre, which attacks the nervous system.
Zika is spread among humans by the Aedes aegypti mosquito, which is found in 130 countries. Recent evidence has also suggested that it can also be sexually transmitted by men carrying the virus.
Source: AFP